backend/internal/latest/browser.go

@@ -178,6 +178,36 @@ func (f *BrowserFetcher) Image(ctx context.Context, imageID string) ([]byte, str
 // the poller answers with a 403 and its ordinary cooldown.
 var errChallengeHeld = errors.New("challenge held")
 
+// errBrowserInterrupted distinguishes a remote Chrome restart from the
+// caller's own deadline. chromedp reports both as context.Canceled.
+var errBrowserInterrupted = errors.New("browser interrupted")
+
+func classifyBrowserError(ctx context.Context, browserLost bool, err error) error {
+	if err == nil || ctx.Err() != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !browserLost {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+		return err
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", errBrowserInterrupted, err)
+}
+
+func browserConnectionLost(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	c := chromedp.FromContext(ctx)
+	if c == nil || c.Browser == nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-c.Browser.LostConnection:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
 // challengePollInterval paces re-reads while a challenge solves itself.
 const challengePollInterval = 2 * time.Second
 
@@ -203,6 +233,7 @@ func (f *BrowserFetcher) run(ctx context.Context, target string, read chromedp.A
 	f.mu.Lock()
 	defer f.mu.Unlock()
 
+	callerCtx := ctx
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, challengeTimeout)
 	defer cancel()
 	tabCtx, cancelTab := chromedp.NewContext(f.allocCtx)
@@ -219,20 +250,26 @@ func (f *BrowserFetcher) run(ctx context.Context, target string, read chromedp.A
 		chromedp.Navigate(target),
 		chromedp.WaitReady("body", chromedp.ByQuery),
 	); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return classifyBrowserError(callerCtx, browserConnectionLost(tabCtx), err)
 	}
-
 	var lastErr error
 	for {
 		// The challenge reloads the page when it passes, which tears down the
 		// execution context mid-read. That is a retry, not a failure.
 		if err := chromedp.Run(tabCtx, read); err != nil {
+			err = classifyBrowserError(callerCtx, browserConnectionLost(tabCtx), err)
+			if errors.Is(err, errBrowserInterrupted) {
+				return err
+			}
 			lastErr = err
 		} else if done() {
 			return nil
 		}
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
+			if err := callerCtx.Err(); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 			if lastErr != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("%w (last read: %v)", errChallengeHeld, lastErr)
 			}

backend/internal/latest/browser_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package latest
 
-import "testing"
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+)
 
 func TestKaganeAPIURL(t *testing.T) {
 	const uuid = "019f84bc-9ba0-7ed9-86f5-8b905ec7c28b"
@@ -57,3 +61,17 @@ func TestNovelfullSeriesURL(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+func TestClassifyBrowserInterruption(t *testing.T) {
+	if err := classifyBrowserError(context.Background(), true, context.Canceled); !errors.Is(err, errBrowserInterrupted) {
+		t.Fatalf("classifyBrowserError(context.Canceled) = %v, want browser interruption", err)
+	}
+	if err := classifyBrowserError(context.Background(), false, context.Canceled); errors.Is(err, errBrowserInterrupted) {
+		t.Fatalf("ordinary cancellation misclassified as browser interruption: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	caller, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	cancel()
+	if err := classifyBrowserError(caller, true, context.Canceled); errors.Is(err, errBrowserInterrupted) {
+		t.Fatalf("caller cancellation misclassified as browser interruption: %v", err)
+	}
+}

chrome/Dockerfile

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ FROM debian:trixie-slim
 # stale, and a stale browser is exactly what Cloudflare turns away — the 124 in
 # alpine-chrome is the worked example. Rebuild is the upgrade path.
 RUN apt-get update \
- && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends ca-certificates wget gnupg \
+ && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends ca-certificates wget gnupg util-linux \
  && wget -qO- https://dl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub \
       | gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/google-chrome.gpg \
  && echo "deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/google-chrome.gpg] https://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main" \
@@ -27,9 +27,15 @@ RUN apt-get update \
  && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends google-chrome-stable socat \
  && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
+# Keep the profile path present so Docker initializes the named volume with
+# the unprivileged user's ownership.
+
+RUN useradd --create-home --shell /usr/sbin/nologin chrome \
+ && mkdir -p /home/chrome/profile /home/chrome/state \
+ && chown -R chrome:chrome /home/chrome
+
 # Unprivileged: Chrome refuses to run as root, and the CDP endpoint is a shell
 # on whatever user owns it.
-RUN useradd --create-home --shell /usr/sbin/nologin chrome
 USER chrome
 WORKDIR /home/chrome
 

chrome/entrypoint.sh

@@ -16,46 +16,197 @@ set -eu
 [ -n "${TZ:-}" ] || TZ=$(cat /etc/timezone 2>/dev/null || echo UTC)
 export TZ
 
-# Chrome's own UA advertises "HeadlessChrome" under --headless=new, and that one
-# token is the difference between kagane.to's challenge clearing in ~4s and
-# never clearing at all (measured 2026-08-08, same host, same Chrome, only the
-# UA changed). Overriding it does not touch the Sec-CH-UA client hints, which
-# report the real version, so the version is read back out of the binary rather
-# than hardcoded: a hardcoded one would drift out of step with the hints on the
-# next Chrome update and become a fresh tell.
+state=/home/chrome/state
+profile=/home/chrome/profile
+lock_file=$state/lock
+pid_file=$state/chrome.pid
+connections_dir=$state/connections
+last_use_file=$state/last-use
+idle_seconds=300
+
+mkdir -p "$state" "$profile" "$connections_dir"
+exec 9>>"$lock_file"
+
+# Chrome's own UA advertises "HeadlessChrome" under --headless=new, and that
+# one token is the difference between kagane.to's challenge clearing in ~4s and
+# never clearing at all. Read the installed major version so client hints and
+# the UA stay aligned after an image rebuild.
 major=$(google-chrome-stable --version | sed -E 's/[^0-9]*([0-9]+)\..*/\1/')
 ua="Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/${major}.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
 
-# Chrome binds its DevTools port to loopback and silently ignores
-# --remote-debugging-address (verified 2026-08-08: Chrome 151 with
-# --remote-debugging-address=0.0.0.0 still listened on 127.0.0.1 only), so the
-# caller — another container — cannot reach it directly. socat fronting the
-# loopback port is how chromedp/headless-shell solved the same problem and is
-# why this image is a drop-in for it.
-#
-# Nothing publishes 9222; reachability is the `browser` network in
-# docker-compose.yml, and an exposed CDP endpoint is remote code execution.
-socat TCP-LISTEN:9222,fork,reuseaddr TCP:127.0.0.1:9223 &
+lock() {
+	flock 9
+}
 
-# Chrome stays in the foreground so that its death takes the container down and
-# compose's restart policy applies; a backgrounded browser behind a live socat
-# would leave the sidecar looking healthy while answering nothing.
-#
-# No --enable-automation: it sets navigator.webdriver, the first thing a bot
-# check reads.
-#
-# --no-sandbox because Chrome's zygote wants user namespaces, which Docker's
-# default profile does not hand out; the alternative is --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN,
-# which gives the container strictly more than it takes away. Containment here
-# is the unprivileged user, the isolated network, and the fact that this
-# browser only ever navigates to kagane.to and novelfull.com.
-exec google-chrome-stable \
-  --headless=new \
-  --no-sandbox \
-  --remote-debugging-port=9223 \
-  --user-agent="$ua" \
-  --user-data-dir=/home/chrome/profile \
-  --no-first-run \
-  --no-default-browser-check \
-  --disable-gpu \
-  about:blank
+unlock() {
+	flock -u 9
+}
+
+browser_alive() {
+	[ -s "$pid_file" ] || return 1
+	pid=$(cat "$pid_file")
+	[ -n "$pid" ] && kill -0 "$pid" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+has_connections() {
+	for marker in "$connections_dir"/*; do
+		[ -e "$marker" ] || continue
+		pid=${marker##*/}
+		if kill -0 "$pid" 2>/dev/null; then
+			return 0
+		fi
+		# A SIGKILLed helper cannot run its cleanup trap. Reconcile its marker
+		# here so one dead client cannot pin Chrome forever.
+		rm -f "$marker"
+	done
+	return 1
+}
+
+start_browser() {
+	# No --enable-automation: it sets navigator.webdriver, the first thing a
+	# bot check reads. setsid gives Chrome a process group so the reaper can
+	# terminate its renderer children with the browser.
+	# --no-sandbox avoids granting SYS_ADMIN solely for Docker's unavailable
+	# user namespaces; containment is the unprivileged user and private network.
+	setsid google-chrome-stable \
+		--headless=new \
+		--no-sandbox \
+		--remote-debugging-port=9223 \
+		--user-agent="$ua" \
+		--user-data-dir="$profile" \
+		--no-first-run \
+		--no-default-browser-check \
+		--disable-gpu \
+		about:blank >/dev/null 2>&1 &
+	printf '%s\n' "$!" >"$pid_file"
+}
+
+stop_browser() {
+	pid=$(cat "$pid_file")
+	kill -TERM -- "-$pid" 2>/dev/null || kill -TERM "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+	i=0
+	while kill -0 "$pid" 2>/dev/null && [ "$i" -lt 100 ]; do
+		i=$((i + 1))
+		sleep 0.1
+	done
+	if kill -0 "$pid" 2>/dev/null; then
+		kill -KILL -- "-$pid" 2>/dev/null || kill -KILL "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+	fi
+	rm -f "$pid_file"
+}
+
+wait_for_browser() {
+	i=0
+	while [ "$i" -lt 300 ]; do
+		if wget -qO /dev/null http://127.0.0.1:9223/json/version; then
+			return 0
+		fi
+		browser_alive || return 1
+		i=$((i + 1))
+		sleep 0.1
+	done
+	return 1
+}
+
+finish_connection() {
+	lock
+	rm -f "$connection_marker"
+	date +%s >"$last_use_file"
+	unlock
+}
+
+connection_signal() {
+	trap - INT TERM HUP
+	finish_connection
+	exit 143
+}
+
+connection() {
+	connection_marker=$connections_dir/$$
+	lock
+	: >"$connection_marker"
+	if ! browser_alive; then
+		rm -f "$pid_file"
+		start_browser
+	fi
+	date +%s >"$last_use_file"
+	unlock
+
+	trap connection_signal INT TERM HUP
+	if wait_for_browser; then
+		if socat STDIO TCP:127.0.0.1:9223; then
+			result=0
+		else
+			result=$?
+		fi
+	else
+		result=1
+	fi
+	finish_connection
+	return "$result"
+}
+
+reaper() {
+	while :; do
+		sleep 10
+		lock
+		if ! has_connections && browser_alive; then
+			now=$(date +%s)
+			last=$(cat "$last_use_file" 2>/dev/null || printf '%s' "$now")
+			if [ $((now - last)) -ge "$idle_seconds" ]; then
+				stop_browser
+			fi
+		fi
+		unlock
+	done
+}
+
+if [ "${1:-}" = connection ]; then
+	connection
+	exit $?
+fi
+
+# The files are process state, not the Chrome profile. The profile is a named
+# volume in Compose, so clearance survives both a reap and a container rebuild.
+for marker in "$connections_dir"/*; do
+	[ -e "$marker" ] || continue
+	rm -f "$marker"
+done
+rm -f "$pid_file" "$last_use_file"
+
+# Chrome binds DevTools to loopback and silently ignores
+# --remote-debugging-address. socat remains the network front-end, but each
+# accepted connection now starts a browser on demand and is tracked by a
+# per-helper marker. A connection held by Go's transport delays reap by its
+# idle timeout; the 300-second threshold starts once the last connection closes.
+reaper &
+reaper_pid=$!
+socat TCP-LISTEN:9222,reuseaddr,fork EXEC:'/entrypoint.sh connection',nofork &
+front_pid=$!
+
+stop_browser_gracefully() {
+	lock
+	if browser_alive; then
+		# Chrome is a separate session, so stop its process group explicitly;
+		# this gives its cookie batch time to flush before the container exits.
+		stop_browser
+	fi
+	unlock
+}
+
+shutdown() {
+	trap - INT TERM HUP
+	stop_browser_gracefully
+	kill "$front_pid" "$reaper_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+	exit 143
+}
+trap shutdown INT TERM HUP
+
+if wait "$front_pid"; then
+	status=0
+else
+	status=$?
+fi
+stop_browser_gracefully
+kill "$reaper_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+exit "$status"

docker-compose.yml

@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ services:
       # The zone *name*, which is what Chrome's ICU needs — see chrome/entrypoint.sh.
       # Absent on a non-Debian host, which the entrypoint handles by falling back to UTC.
       - /etc/timezone:/etc/timezone:ro
+      # Cloudflare clearance must survive Chrome reaping and image recreation.
+      - chrome-profile:/home/chrome/profile
     # Chrome allocates shared memory per tab and dies on Docker's 64MB default.
     shm_size: '1gb'
     # Reaps zombie renderer processes, which otherwise accumulate for the
@@ -143,6 +145,7 @@ volumes:
   # declared here: undeclared means `docker compose down -v` cannot take it
   # with the rest, so the old database survives the cutover until someone
   # removes it by hand.
+  chrome-profile:
 
 networks:
   # Not `internal: true`: headless Chrome still needs outbound access to reach

docs/adr/0005-on-demand-browser.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# ADR-0005: On-demand browser sidecar
+
+Date: 2026-08-09
+Status: accepted
+
+## Decision
+
+Keep the `headless-shell` service and its CDP port alive, but start Google Chrome
+only when the first CDP connection arrives. The entrypoint supervises a `socat`
+front-end, serializes browser start/reap state with `flock`, and tracks each
+connection with a marker named for its helper PID. A reaper stops Chrome after
+300 seconds with no live markers. Marker reconciliation covers a helper killed
+before its cleanup trap runs.
+
+Chrome runs in its own process group so reap sends the termination signal to
+Chrome and its renderer children. The explicit `/home/chrome/profile` user-data
+directory remains: Chrome remaps remote debugging to loopback on modern builds,
+and Chrome ignores remote-debugging flags on a default profile. `socat` therefore
+continues to front Chrome's loopback CDP port.
+
+The profile is a named Compose volume. Clearance cookies survive both a reap and
+`docker compose up --build`; the browser still starts with a fresh debugger UUID,
+so chromedp must keep endpoint discovery enabled and must not use
+`chromedp.NoModifyURL`.
+
+The socat front-end and explicit profile are retained because Chromium remaps a
+non-loopback debugging address to loopback since M113, while Chrome ignores the
+remote-debugging flags on a default profile since Chrome 136. Flag tuning is
+deliberately not adopted: its roughly 30% idle-footprint saving is irrelevant
+to a browser that exists for seconds per wake and risks an untested fingerprint.
+
+## Constraints
+
+The 300-second floor is deliberate. Chromium batches cookie persistence on a
+roughly 31-second timer, and Go's default HTTP transport can keep the discovery
+connection parked for about 90 seconds after use. Reaping only with zero live
+connections holds Chrome through both windows and through the poller's staggered
+batch plus cover prefetch.
+
+The anti-bot properties remain unchanged: a plausible non-UTC timezone, a
+Chrome-version-derived User-Agent without `HeadlessChrome`, and no automation
+flag. A remote browser restart can surface as `context.Canceled`, the same error
+as a caller deadline, so the backend wraps cancellation observed with a closed
+CDP connection as `browser interrupted`; the focused test asserts that
+classification without killing a real browser.
+The same process-group stop runs during supervisor shutdown, not only during
+idle reap, so Chrome can flush its cookie batch before a container rebuild or
+graceful stop.