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Rust learning: lessons, notes, and exercise crates

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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
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<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>Diagnostic: Rust Book ch. 1–9</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/style.css" />
<script src="../assets/quiz.js" defer></script>
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<body>
<h1>Diagnostic: what's still there from ch. 1–9</h1>
<p class="subtitle">Lesson 0001 · Rust Book chapters 1–9 · no new material, pure retrieval</p>
<p>Your <code>learn-*</code> folders prove you worked through variables, functions, control flow, ownership, borrowing, slices, structs, enums, modules, collections, and error handling. This lesson does not re-teach any of it. It tests what is still <em>retrievable</em> — that is the only kind of "knowing" that helps in an interview or on the job.</p>
<div class="callout">
<strong>How to take this.</strong> For each question, think of your answer <em>before</em> revealing it. Grading yourself honestly matters more than "winning" — this diagnostic decides which lessons get built next. Multiple-choice ones grade themselves; short-answer ones ask you to self-grade after reading the answer.
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="recall" data-topic="Variables">
<p class="topic">Variables — ch03.1</p>
<p class="prompt">This code:</p>
<pre><code>let x = 5;
x = 6;
println!("{x}");</code></pre>
<p class="prompt">Does it compile? If not, what's the fix?</p>
<button class="reveal-btn">Show answer</button>
<div class="answer hidden">No — <code>cannot assign twice to immutable variable</code>. Rust variables are immutable by default; fix by declaring <code>let mut x = 5;</code>.</div>
<div class="grade hidden"><button data-grade="hit">Got it</button><button data-grade="miss">Missed it</button></div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html">3.1 Variables and Mutability</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="recall" data-topic="Ownership">
<p class="topic">Ownership — ch04.1</p>
<p class="prompt">This code:</p>
<pre><code>let s1 = String::from("hello");
let s2 = s1;
println!("{s1}");</code></pre>
<p class="prompt">Does it compile? Why or why not?</p>
<button class="reveal-btn">Show answer</button>
<div class="answer hidden">No. <code>String</code> owns heap data and is not <code>Copy</code>, so <code>let s2 = s1;</code> <em>moves</em> ownership from <code>s1</code> to <code>s2</code>. Using <code>s1</code> afterward is a compile error: "borrow of moved value."</div>
<div class="grade hidden"><button data-grade="hit">Got it</button><button data-grade="miss">Missed it</button></div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html">4.1 What Is Ownership?</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="mcq" data-topic="Structs">
<p class="topic">Structs — ch05.3</p>
<p class="prompt">Given <code>struct Rectangle { width: u32, height: u32 }</code>, where do you define a method like <code>fn area(&self) -> u32</code>?</p>
<div class="options">
<button class="opt" data-correct="true">Inside an impl block.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">Inside the struct body.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">Inside the main function.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">Inside a trait block.</button>
</div>
<div class="explain hidden">Methods are defined in a separate <code>impl Rectangle { ... }</code> block, not inside the struct definition itself.</div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch05-03-method-syntax.html">5.3 Method Syntax</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="recall" data-topic="Error Handling">
<p class="topic">Error Handling — ch09</p>
<p class="prompt">What's the real difference between calling <code>panic!</code> and returning <code>Err(...)</code> from a function whose signature returns <code>Result</code>?</p>
<button class="reveal-btn">Show answer</button>
<div class="answer hidden"><code>panic!</code> unwinds and stops the program right there — unrecoverable. Returning <code>Err</code> hands the failure back to the caller, who decides what to do — recoverable. Libraries should almost always prefer <code>Result</code>.</div>
<div class="grade hidden"><button data-grade="hit">Got it</button><button data-grade="miss">Missed it</button></div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch09-00-error-handling.html">9. Error Handling</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="mcq" data-topic="Data Types">
<p class="topic">Data Types — ch03.2</p>
<p class="prompt">With no suffix and no other constraint, what type does Rust infer for <code>let x = 5;</code>?</p>
<div class="options">
<button class="opt" data-correct="true">i32</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">i64</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">u32</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">f64</button>
</div>
<div class="explain hidden"><code>i32</code> is Rust's default integer type — fastest on most platforms, per the book.</div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch03-02-data-types.html">3.2 Data Types</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="mcq" data-topic="References & Borrowing">
<p class="topic">References &amp; Borrowing — ch04.2</p>
<p class="prompt">Inside <code>fn calculate_length(s: &String) -> usize</code>, can you modify the <code>String</code> through <code>s</code>?</p>
<div class="options">
<button class="opt" data-correct="true">No, references are read only.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">Yes, references allow all edits.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">No, only String owns access.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">Yes, but only for numbers.</button>
</div>
<div class="explain hidden">References are immutable by default. Modifying through a reference needs <code>&mut String</code>, and the caller must pass <code>&mut s</code>.</div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html">4.2 References and Borrowing</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="recall" data-topic="Enums & Pattern Matching">
<p class="topic">Enums &amp; Pattern Matching — ch06.2</p>
<p class="prompt">Why must a <code>match</code> expression cover every variant of an enum?</p>
<button class="reveal-btn">Show answer</button>
<div class="answer hidden">The compiler enforces exhaustiveness — every possible value must be handled, or it's a compile error. Use <code>_</code> as a catch-all arm when you don't care about the rest.</div>
<div class="grade hidden"><button data-grade="hit">Got it</button><button data-grade="miss">Missed it</button></div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch06-02-match.html">6.2 The match Control Flow Construct</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="mcq" data-topic="Common Collections">
<p class="topic">Common Collections — ch08.1</p>
<p class="prompt">Which type owns and can grow a heap-allocated list of values of the same type?</p>
<div class="options">
<button class="opt" data-correct="true">Vec, a growable vector.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">Array, a fixed list.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">Slice, a borrowed view.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">Tuple, a fixed grouping.</button>
</div>
<div class="explain hidden"><code>Vec&lt;T&gt;</code> owns its elements on the heap and grows/shrinks at runtime. Arrays are fixed-size and stack-allocated; slices only borrow.</div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch08-01-vectors.html">8.1 Storing Lists of Values with Vectors</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="recall" data-topic="Functions">
<p class="topic">Functions — ch03.3</p>
<p class="prompt">Does the last expression in a function body need a <code>return</code> keyword to become the return value? What one character must you drop from that line for it to count as an expression, not a statement?</p>
<button class="reveal-btn">Show answer</button>
<div class="answer hidden">No <code>return</code> needed. Drop the trailing semicolon — a line ending in <code>;</code> is a statement (no value); without it, it's an expression whose value becomes the function's return value.</div>
<div class="grade hidden"><button data-grade="hit">Got it</button><button data-grade="miss">Missed it</button></div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch03-03-how-functions-work.html">3.3 Functions</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="recall" data-topic="Slices">
<p class="topic">Slices — ch04.3</p>
<pre><code>let s = String::from("hello world");
let hello = &s[0..5];</code></pre>
<p class="prompt">What Rust type is <code>hello</code>? A slice stores two things internally — what are they?</p>
<button class="reveal-btn">Show answer</button>
<div class="answer hidden"><code>hello</code> is a <code>&str</code> (string slice). Internally a slice is a pointer into the buffer plus a length — it never owns the data.</div>
<div class="grade hidden"><button data-grade="hit">Got it</button><button data-grade="miss">Missed it</button></div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch04-03-slices.html">4.3 The Slice Type</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="recall" data-topic="Modules & Paths">
<p class="topic">Modules &amp; Paths — ch07</p>
<p class="prompt">In your <code>restauran</code> project you called <code>crate::front_of_house::hosting::add_to_waitlist()</code>. What does the <code>pub</code> keyword do to <code>hosting</code> and to <code>add_to_waitlist</code>? What breaks if you remove it?</p>
<button class="reveal-btn">Show answer</button>
<div class="answer hidden"><code>pub</code> makes an item visible outside its parent module. Everything is private by default, so removing <code>pub</code> from either the module or the function makes it inaccessible from <code>eat_at_restaurant</code>'s call site — a compile error ("module/function is private").</div>
<div class="grade hidden"><button data-grade="hit">Got it</button><button data-grade="miss">Missed it</button></div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.html">7. Packages, Crates, and Modules</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="mcq" data-topic="Control Flow">
<p class="topic">Control Flow — ch03.5</p>
<p class="prompt">Can <code>if</code> sit on the right side of a <code>let</code> to assign a value, like a ternary?</p>
<div class="options">
<button class="opt" data-correct="true">Yes, if arms must match.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">No, if never returns values.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">Yes, but types can differ.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">No, only loops return values.</button>
</div>
<div class="explain hidden">Yes — <code>let x = if cond { 5 } else { 6 };</code> works, but every arm must produce the <em>same</em> type, since <code>x</code> needs one fixed type at compile time.</div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch03-05-control-flow.html">3.5 Control Flow</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="recall" data-topic="Ownership">
<p class="topic">Ownership — ch04.1</p>
<p class="prompt">Name the trait that lets simple stack-only types like <code>i32</code> get duplicated instead of moved on assignment.</p>
<button class="reveal-btn">Show answer</button>
<div class="answer hidden">The <code>Copy</code> trait. Types with a known, fixed size that live entirely on the stack (integers, bools, chars, tuples of Copy types, …) can implement it, so assignment copies instead of moving.</div>
<div class="grade hidden"><button data-grade="hit">Got it</button><button data-grade="miss">Missed it</button></div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html">4.1 What Is Ownership? — Stack-Only Data: Copy</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="recall" data-topic="Structs">
<p class="topic">Structs — ch05.3</p>
<p class="prompt">Why do most struct methods take <code>&self</code> (borrowed) instead of <code>self</code> (owned)?</p>
<button class="reveal-btn">Show answer</button>
<div class="answer hidden">Taking <code>self</code> by value would move the instance into the method, consuming it — the caller couldn't use it afterward. <code>&self</code> borrows it, so the instance survives the call.</div>
<div class="grade hidden"><button data-grade="hit">Got it</button><button data-grade="miss">Missed it</button></div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch05-03-method-syntax.html">5.3 Method Syntax</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="recall" data-topic="Common Collections">
<p class="topic">Common Collections — ch08.3</p>
<p class="prompt">From your own <code>learn-challenges</code> code:</p>
<pre><code>let x = count.entry(v).or_insert(0);
*x += 1;</code></pre>
<p class="prompt">What does <code>.entry(v)</code> return, and what does <code>.or_insert(0)</code> do whether <code>v</code> is a new key or an existing one?</p>
<button class="reveal-btn">Show answer</button>
<div class="answer hidden"><code>.entry(v)</code> returns an <code>Entry</code> enum for that key. <code>.or_insert(0)</code> inserts <code>0</code> only if the key is missing, and in both cases returns a mutable reference to the value — so <code>*x += 1</code> works whether it's brand-new or already there.</div>
<div class="grade hidden"><button data-grade="hit">Got it</button><button data-grade="miss">Missed it</button></div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch08-03-hash-maps.html">8.3 Storing Keys with Associated Values in Hash Maps</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="mcq" data-topic="Enums & Pattern Matching">
<p class="topic">Enums &amp; Pattern Matching — ch06.3</p>
<p class="prompt">What's the shorthand for a <code>match</code> that only cares about one pattern and ignores every other case?</p>
<div class="options">
<button class="opt" data-correct="true">Use an if let.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">Use a for loop.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">Use a while let.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">Use the unwrap method.</button>
</div>
<div class="explain hidden"><code>if let Some(x) = opt { ... }</code> handles one pattern concisely without a full exhaustive <code>match</code>. <code>while let</code> is the loop version, not this case.</div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch06-03-if-let.html">6.3 Concise Control Flow with if let</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="mcq" data-topic="Error Handling">
<p class="topic">Error Handling — ch09.2</p>
<p class="prompt">From your own <code>learn-panic</code> code:</p>
<pre><code>let mut username_file = File::open("hello.txt")?;</code></pre>
<p class="prompt">What does the <code>?</code> do when <code>File::open</code> returns <code>Err</code>?</p>
<div class="options">
<button class="opt" data-correct="true">It returns Err early.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">It panics the program.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">It retries the call.</button>
<button class="opt" data-correct="false">It ignores the error.</button>
</div>
<div class="explain hidden"><code>?</code> propagates the error immediately: the enclosing function returns that <code>Err</code> right away instead of continuing — the function's return type must be a compatible <code>Result</code>.</div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html">9.2 Recoverable Errors with Result</a></p>
</div>
<div class="q" data-type="recall" data-topic="References & Borrowing">
<p class="topic">References &amp; Borrowing — ch04.2</p>
<p class="prompt">True or false: at any single point, Rust allows either one mutable reference OR any number of immutable references to the same data, never a mix. Why does this rule exist?</p>
<button class="reveal-btn">Show answer</button>
<div class="answer hidden">True. It's enforced at compile time by the borrow checker, and it exists to rule out data races and "reader sees a half-written value" bugs without needing a garbage collector or runtime lock.</div>
<div class="grade hidden"><button data-grade="hit">Got it</button><button data-grade="miss">Missed it</button></div>
<p class="cite">Book: <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html">4.2 References and Borrowing</a></p>
</div>
<div id="summary">
<h2>Results</h2>
<div id="summary-body">No questions answered yet.</div>
<p id="summary-total"></p>
<button id="report-btn" disabled>Copy report</button>
<pre id="report-output" class="hidden"></pre>
<p class="cite">Copying the report and pasting it into the chat is the fastest way to tell the agent what to build next.</p>
</div>
<footer>
<p><strong>Primary source:</strong> <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/">The Rust Programming Language</a>, chapters 1–9, by Klabnik, Nichols &amp; Krycho.</p>
<p><strong>Next:</strong> <a href="0002-write-a-cli-from-blank.html">0002 — Write a CLI from a blank file</a> · <strong>Reference:</strong> <a href="../reference/rust-syntax.html">Rust syntax reference (ch. 1–9)</a></p>
<p>Stuck on anything above, or a question phrased badly? Ask the agent — that's what it's there for. Paste your weak topics from the report and the next lesson will target exactly those.</p>
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